Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic disease characterized by interstitial scarring and loss of function, which is common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and radiation/drug-induced lung injury. The following are the main experimental models and their construction methods, evaluation indicators and application scenarios.
Build steps :
Animal selection : C57BL/6 mice (high sensitivity), SD rats (suitable for long-term studies).
Route of administration :
Intratracheal instillation (Most commonly used): After anesthesia, inject bleomycin (mice: 1-3 U/kg, rats: 5-7 U/kg, dissolved in 50 μL saline) through the endotracheal tube.
Nebulizer inhalation : Continuous 3-5 days of aerosol exposure (concentration 0.5-1 U/mL, 30 minutes per day).
Time Node :
Acute inflammatory phase : 7-14 days (mainly inflammatory cell infiltration).
Fibrosis stage : 21-28 days (peak of collagen deposition).
Gene/phenotype |
Features |
TGF-β1 overexpression |
Directly drives fibroblast activation and collagen synthesis |
SP-C mutation (SFTPC mutation) |
Simulates inherited interstitial lung disease (eg, IPF) |
Fas ligand-induced apoptosis |
Alveolar epithelial apoptosis drives fibrosis |
Applicable scenarios : To study the mechanism and intervention measures of pulmonary fibrosis after radiotherapy.
Construction method :
Fibroblast adoptive transfer : In vitro activated fibroblasts (e.g. overexpressing α-SMA) were injected into mice via the tail vein.
Bone marrow derived cells (BMDC) : Transplantation of GFP-labeled BMDCs and tracking their differentiation in lung tissue (such as transformation into myofibroblasts).
H&E staining : Evaluate inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar structural destruction (Ashcroft score: 0-8 points, ≥4 points indicates significant fibrosis).
Masson's trichrome stain : Quantitative analysis of collagen fibers (blue) (ImageJ software was used to calculate the collagen area ratio).
Immunohistochemistry : Detect α-SMA (myofibroblast marker), TGF-β, Vimentin, etc.
qPCR/WB :
Gene/Protein |
Function |
Col1a1, Col3a1 |
Collagen synthesis key genes |
TGF-β1、CTGF |
Profibrotic factors |
MMP-9, TIMP-1 |
Extracellular matrix remodeling regulator |
ELISA : Detect inflammatory factors such as IL-6, TNF-α, PDGF in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).
Non-invasive pulmonary function tester (FlexiVent system)
Lung compliance (Cdyn) :The compliance of fibrotic lung tissue decreases.
Airway resistance (Rn) :It increases significantly in advanced fibrosis.
4. Determination of Hydroxyproline Content
principle : Hydroxyproline is a characteristic amino acid of collagen, and its content reflects the degree of fibrosis.
Normal reference value : Mouse lung tissue ≈10 μg/g, model group can reach 30-50 μg/g.
Model Type |
advantage |
limitation |
Bleomycin-induced |
Simple operation, low cost, short molding cycle (3-4 weeks) |
There are large individual differences, and some animals tend to heal on their own |
Genetic Engineering Model |
Targeting specific pathways with clear mechanisms |
High cost and long phenotypic latency (3-6 months) |
Radiation Induced |
Simulate clinical post-radiotherapy fibrosis |
Requires special equipment, high mortality rate (acute phase) |
Drug Development : Testing anti-fibrotic drugs (e.g., nintedanib, pirfenidone) or natural compounds (curcumin, resveratrol).
Mechanism studies :
The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in fibrosis.
Regulation of macrophage polarization (M1/M2) on fibrosis.
Stem Cell Therapy : To evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or exosomes in repairing lung injury.
Biomaterials Evaluation : Targeted delivery efficiency of nanoparticle or hydrogel drug delivery systems.
Bleomycin dosage control : Overdose causes acute pulmonary edema (mortality rate in mice >50%).
Anesthesia risks : Tracheal intubation requires skilled operation to avoid airway perforation.
Code of Ethics :
Pain management: Administer ibuprofen or carprofen postoperatively.
End point criteria: euthanasia is required when body weight loss > 20% or respiratory distress occurs.
Group |
Ashcroft Rating |
Hydroxyproline (μg/g) |
Lung compliance (mL/cmH2O) |
Control group |
1.2 ± 0.3 |
12 ± 3 |
0.055 ± 0.005 |
Bleomycin model group |
5.8 ± 1.1 |
42 ± 8 |
0.028 ± 0.003 |
Nintedanib treatment group |
3.2 ± 0.7 |
25 ± 5 |
0.045 ± 0.004 |