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  • Pulmonary Fibrosis Model

Pulmonary Fibrosis Model

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic disease characterized by interstitial scarring and loss of function, which is common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and radiation/drug-induced lung injury. The following are the main experimental models and their construction methods, evaluation indicators and application scenarios.
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Pulmonary Fibrosis Model

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic disease characterized by interstitial scarring and loss of function, which is common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and radiation/drug-induced lung injury. The following are the main experimental models and their construction methods, evaluation indicators and application scenarios.

I. Model types and core methods

1. Chemical induction model (bleomycin-induced)​

principle : Bleomycin induces alveolar epithelial damage and activates fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory factors.

Build steps :

Animal selection : C57BL/6 mice (high sensitivity), SD rats (suitable for long-term studies).

Route of administration :

Intratracheal instillation (Most commonly used): After anesthesia, inject bleomycin (mice: 1-3 U/kg, rats: 5-7 U/kg, dissolved in 50 μL saline) through the endotracheal tube.

Nebulizer inhalation : Continuous 3-5 days of aerosol exposure (concentration 0.5-1 U/mL, 30 minutes per day).

Time Node :

Acute inflammatory phase : 7-14 days (mainly inflammatory cell infiltration).

Fibrosis stage : 21-28 days (peak of collagen deposition).

2. Genetically engineered mouse models
principle :Targeted regulation of fibrosis-related pathways (TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, etc.) through gene editing technology. Common models :

Gene/phenotype

Features

TGF-β1 overexpression

Directly drives fibroblast activation and collagen synthesis

SP-C mutation (SFTPC mutation)

Simulates inherited interstitial lung disease (eg, IPF)

Fas ligand-induced apoptosis

Alveolar epithelial apoptosis drives fibrosis

3. Radiation-induced model
principle : Localized thoracic radiation (eg, single-fraction 10-20 Gy) causes DNA damage and chronic inflammation, simulating radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Applicable scenarios : To study the mechanism and intervention measures of pulmonary fibrosis after radiotherapy.

4. Cell transplantation model

Construction method :

Fibroblast adoptive transfer : In vitro activated fibroblasts (e.g. overexpressing α-SMA) were injected into mice via the tail vein.

Bone marrow derived cells (BMDC) : Transplantation of GFP-labeled BMDCs and tracking their differentiation in lung tissue (such as transformation into myofibroblasts).

 

II. Model Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators

1. Histopathological Analysis

H&E staining : Evaluate inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar structural destruction (Ashcroft score: 0-8 points, ≥4 points indicates significant fibrosis).

Masson's trichrome stain : Quantitative analysis of collagen fibers (blue) (ImageJ software was used to calculate the collagen area ratio).

Immunohistochemistry : Detect α-SMA (myofibroblast marker), TGF-β, Vimentin, etc.

2. Molecular marker detection

qPCR/WB :

Gene/Protein

Function

Col1a1, Col3a1

Collagen synthesis key genes

TGF-β1、CTGF

Profibrotic factors

MMP-9, TIMP-1

Extracellular matrix remodeling regulator

ELISA : Detect inflammatory factors such as IL-6, TNF-α, PDGF in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).

3. Pulmonary function test

Non-invasive pulmonary function tester (FlexiVent system)

Lung compliance (Cdyn) :The compliance of fibrotic lung tissue decreases.

Airway resistance (Rn) :It increases significantly in advanced fibrosis.

4. Determination of Hydroxyproline Content

principle : Hydroxyproline is a characteristic amino acid of collagen, and its content reflects the degree of fibrosis.

Normal reference value : Mouse lung tissue ≈10 μg/g, model group can reach 30-50 μg/g.

 

III. Comparison of Model Advantages and Disadvantages

Model Type

advantage

limitation

Bleomycin-induced

Simple operation, low cost, short molding cycle (3-4 weeks)

There are large individual differences, and some animals tend to heal on their own

Genetic Engineering Model

Targeting specific pathways with clear mechanisms

High cost and long phenotypic latency (3-6 months)

Radiation Induced

Simulate clinical post-radiotherapy fibrosis

Requires special equipment, high mortality rate (acute phase)

IV. Application Scenarios

Drug Development : Testing anti-fibrotic drugs (e.g., nintedanib, pirfenidone) or natural compounds (curcumin, resveratrol).

Mechanism studies :

The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in fibrosis.

Regulation of macrophage polarization (M1/M2) on fibrosis.

Stem Cell Therapy : To evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or exosomes in repairing lung injury.

Biomaterials Evaluation : Targeted delivery efficiency of nanoparticle or hydrogel drug delivery systems.

 

V. Notes

Bleomycin dosage control : Overdose causes acute pulmonary edema (mortality rate in mice >50%).

Anesthesia risks : Tracheal intubation requires skilled operation to avoid airway perforation.

Code of Ethics :

Pain management: Administer ibuprofen or carprofen postoperatively.

End point criteria: euthanasia is required when body weight loss > 20% or respiratory distress occurs.

VI. Sample Data

Group

Ashcroft Rating

Hydroxyproline (μg/g)

Lung compliance (mL/cmH2O)

Control group

1.2 ± 0.3

12 ± 3

0.055 ± 0.005

Bleomycin model group

5.8 ± 1.1

42 ± 8

0.028 ± 0.003

Nintedanib treatment group

3.2 ± 0.7

25 ± 5

0.045 ± 0.004

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Drug safety verification,
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